Ubungakanani bokungcola kwamanzi bulinganiswa njani?

Yintoni i-Turbidity?

Ukudumba kukulinganisa ubumanzi okanye ukufiphala kolwelo, olusetyenziswa rhoqo ukuvavanya umgangatho wamanzi kwiindawo zamanzi zendalo—ezifana nemilambo, amachibi, neelwandle—kunye nakwiinkqubo zokunyanga amanzi. Oku kuvela ngenxa yokubakho kwamasuntswana axhonyiweyo, kuquka i-silt, i-algae, i-plankton, kunye neemveliso zemizi-mveliso, ezisasaza ukukhanya okudlula kwikholamu yamanzi.
I-Turbidity idla ngokulinganiswa kwiiyunithi ze-nephelometric turbidity (NTU), apho amaxabiso aphezulu abonisa ukungabonakali kwamanzi okukhulu. Le yunithi isekelwe kubungakanani bokukhanya okusasazekileyo ngamasuntswana axhonywe emanzini, njengoko kulinganiswa yi-nephelometer. I-nephelometer ikhanyisa umsebe wokukhanya ngesampuli kwaye ibona ukukhanya okusasazekileyo ngamasuntswana axhonyiweyo kwi-engile ye-90-degree. Amaxabiso aphezulu e-NTU abonisa ukuxinana okukhulu, okanye ukufiphala, emanzini. Amaxabiso aphantsi e-NTU abonisa amanzi acacileyo.
Umzekelo: Amanzi acocekileyo anokuba nexabiso le-NTU elikufutshane ne-0. Amanzi okusela, ekufuneka ahlangabezane nemigangatho yokhuseleko, adla ngokuba ne-NTU engaphantsi kwe-1. Amanzi anamanqanaba aphezulu ongcoliseko okanye amasuntswana axhonyiweyo anokuba namaxabiso e-NTU angamakhulu okanye amawaka.

Kutheni kufuneka kulinganiswe ukungcoliseka komgangatho wamanzi?

Ukunyuka kwamanqanaba okungcola kunokubangela iziphumo ezininzi ezimbi:
1）Ukungena kokukhanya okunciphileyo: Oku kuphazamisa i-photosynthesis kwizityalo zasemanzini, ngaloo ndlela kuphazamisa inkqubo ebanzi ye-ecosystem yasemanzini exhomekeke kwimveliso yokuqala.
2）Ukuvaleka kweenkqubo zokucoca: Izinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo zinokuthintela izihluzi kwiindawo zokucoca amanzi, zinyuse iindleko zokusebenza kwaye zinciphise ukusebenza kakuhle kokucoca.
3）Ukudibana nongcoliseko: Amasuntswana abangela ukudumba adla ngokuba ngabathwali bezinto ezingcolisa izinto eziyingozi, ezinje ngeentsholongwane ezibangela izifo, izinyithi ezinzima, kunye neekhemikhali ezinobungozi, nto leyo ebeka umngcipheko kwimpilo yendalo kunye neyabantu.
Ngamafutshane, ukungcoliseka kwamanzi kusebenza njengophawu olubalulekileyo lokuvavanya ukuthembeka kwamanzi ngokwasemzimbeni, ngokwekhemikhali, nangokwebhayoloji, ngakumbi kulawulo lokusingqongileyo kunye nemigaqo yempilo yoluntu.
Yintoni umgaqo wokulinganisa ukungcoliswa kwamanzi?

Umgaqo wokulinganisa ukudumba usekelwe ekusasazekeni kokukhanya njengoko kudlula kwisampulu yamanzi equlethe amasuntswana axhonyiweyo. Xa ukukhanya kudibana nala masuntswana, kusasazeka kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo, kwaye amandla okukhanya okusasazekayo ahambelana ngokuthe ngqo noxinzelelo lwamasuntswana akhoyo. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwamasuntswana lubangela ukwanda kokusasazeka kokukhanya, okukhokelela ekudumbeni okukhulu.

umgaqo wokulinganisa ukufuma

Le nkqubo ingahlulwahlulwa ibe ngamanyathelo alandelayo:
Umthombo wokukhanya: Umqadi wokukhanya, odla ngokukhutshwa yilaser okanye i-LED, uqondiswa ngesampuli yamanzi.
Iinxalenye Ezixhonyiweyo: Njengoko ukukhanya kusasazeka ngesampulu, izinto ezixhonyiweyo—ezifana nesamente, i-algae, i-plankton, okanye izinto ezingcolisayo—zibangela ukuba ukukhanya kusabalale kumacala ahlukeneyo.
Ukufunyanwa kokukhanya okuqhekekileyo: Ai-nephelometer, isixhobo esisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ukudumba, sibona ukukhanya okusasazekileyo kwi-engile ye-90-degree xa kuthelekiswa nomqadi wesiganeko. Olu kuchonga i-angular yindlela eqhelekileyo ngenxa yobuthathaka bayo obuphezulu kwi-particle-induced scattering.
Ukulinganiswa koBukhulu bokukhanya okuSasazekileyo: Ubungakanani bokukhanya okusasazekileyo buyalinganiswa, kunye nobukhulu obuphezulu obubonisa uxinzelelo olukhulu lwee-particles ezixhonyiweyo, kwaye ngenxa yoko, ukungcola okuphezulu.
Ukubalwa kokukhanya okurhangqiweyo: Ubungakanani bokukhanya okurhangqiweyo obulinganisiweyo buguqulwa bube ziiNephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU), nto leyo enika ixabiso elimiselweyo lamanani elimele inqanaba lokukhanya okurhangqiweyo.
Yintoni elinganisa ukungcoliseka kwamanzi?

Ukulinganisa ukuxinana kwamanzi kusetyenziswa izinzwa zokuxinana ezisebenzisa i-optical yindlela eyamkelweyo ngokubanzi kwizicelo zanamhlanje zoshishino. Ngokwesiqhelo, kufuneka i-analyzer ye-turbidity esebenzayo ukubonisa imilinganiselo yexesha langempela, ivumele ukucocwa kwe-sensor ngokuzenzekelayo rhoqo, kwaye iqalise izilumkiso zokufundwa okungaqhelekanga, ngaloo ndlela iqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yomgangatho wamanzi.

Isixhobo Sokubona Ubushushu Kwi-Intanethi (Amanzi olwandle Alinganiswayo)

Iindawo ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza zifuna izisombululo ezahlukeneyo zokujonga ukungcoliseka kwamanzi. Kwiinkqubo zokubonelela ngamanzi zesibini zokuhlala, kwizikhululo zokucoca amanzi, nakwiindawo zokungena nezokuphuma zezibonelelo zamanzi okusela, kusetyenziswa kakhulu iimitha zokukhupha amanzi ezikwizinga eliphantsi ezinemilinganiselo echanekileyo nemxinwa. Oku kungenxa yemfuneko engqongqo yamanqanaba aphantsi okungcoliseka kwamanzi kwezi ndawo. Umzekelo, kumazwe amaninzi, umgangatho omiselweyo wamanzi empompini kwiindawo zokucoca amanzi uchaza inqanaba lokungcoliseka kwamanzi elingaphantsi kwe-NTU eyi-1. Nangona uvavanyo lwamanzi edamini lokudada lungaqhelekanga, xa luqhutywa, lukwafuna amanqanaba aphantsi kakhulu okungcoliseka kwamanzi, ngokuqhelekileyo lufuna ukusetyenziswa kweemitha zokukhupha amanzi ezikwizinga eliphantsi.

Iimitha zeTurbidity ezisezantsi TBG-6188T

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, izicelo ezifana nezityalo zokunyanga amanzi amdaka kunye neendawo zokukhupha ukungcola kwimizi-mveliso zifuna iimitha zokunyanga ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Amanzi kwezi ndawo adla ngokubonisa ukuguquguquka okukhulu kokunyanga kwaye anokuba noxinzelelo olukhulu lwezinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo, amasuntswana e-colloidal, okanye iikhemikhali ezibangela ukungcola. Amaxabiso okunyanga adla ngokugqitha imida yokulinganisa ephezulu yezixhobo ezisezantsi kakhulu. Umzekelo, ukunyanga okunamandla kwisityalo sokunyanga amanzi amdaka kunokufikelela kumakhulu aliqela e-NTU, kwaye nasemva konyango lokuqala, ukujonga amanqanaba okunyanga kwishumi le-NTU kusafuneka. Iimitha zokunyanga ezikumgangatho ophezulu zihlala zisebenza ngokomgaqo womlinganiselo wokukhanya osasazekileyo ukuya kokudluliselwa. Ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokwandisa uluhlu oluguquguqukayo, ezi zixhobo zifikelela kubuchule bokulinganisa ukusuka kwi-0.1 NTU ukuya kwi-4000 NTU ngelixa zigcina ukuchaneka kwe-±2% yesikali esipheleleyo.

I-Analyzer yeTurbidity yeShishini kwi-Intanethi

Kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo zoshishino, ezifana namacandelo amayeza kunye nokutya neziselo, iimfuno ezinkulu ngakumbi zibekwe ekuchanekeni nasekuzinzeni kwexesha elide kokulinganisa ukufuma. La mashishini adla ngokusebenzisa iimitha zokufuma ezi-dual-beam, eziquka umqadi wokubhekisa ukuhlawula ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa kukutshintsha kwemithombo yokukhanya kunye nokuguquguquka kobushushu, ngaloo ndlela kuqinisekiswa ukuthembeka kokulinganisa okuqhubekekayo. Umzekelo, ukufuma kwamanzi okujova kufuneka kugcinwe ngaphantsi kwe-0.1 NTU, okubeka iimfuno ezingqongqo kubuntununtunu bezixhobo kunye nokumelana nokuphazamiseka.
Ngaphezu koko, ngokuqhubela phambili kwetekhnoloji ye-Intanethi yezinto (IoT), iinkqubo zanamhlanje zokujonga ukungcoliswa kwamanzi ziya zisiba nobuchule kwaye zinxibelelana. Ukuhlanganiswa kweemodyuli zonxibelelwano ze-4G/5G kwenza ukuba idatha yokungcoliswa kwamanzi idluliselwe ngexesha langempela kumaqonga efu, oku kwenza kube lula ukujonga kude, uhlalutyo lwedatha, kunye nezaziso zesilumkiso ezenzekelayo. Umzekelo, isityalo sonyango lwamanzi sikamasipala sisebenzise inkqubo yokujonga ukungcoliswa kwamanzi ekrelekrele edibanisa idatha yokungcoliswa kwamanzi kunye nenkqubo yaso yolawulo lokusasazwa kwamanzi. Xa kufunyenwe ukungcoliswa kwamanzi okungaqhelekanga, inkqubo ilungisa ngokuzenzekelayo idosi yeekhemikhali, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuphuculweni kokuthobela umgangatho wamanzi ukusuka kwi-98% ukuya kwi-99.5%, kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali nge-12%.
Ngaba i-turbidity ifana ne-total suspended solids?

I-Turbidity kunye ne-Total Suspended Solids (TSS) ziingcamango ezinxulumeneyo, kodwa azifani. Zombini zibhekisa kumasuntswana axhonywe emanzini, kodwa zahlukile kwindlela ezilinganisa ngayo kunye nendlela ezilinganiswa ngayo.
I-turbidity ilinganisa ipropathi yokukhanya yamanzi, ngakumbi ukuba ingakanani na imitha yokukhanya esasazekileyo ngamasuntswana axhonyiweyo. Ayilinganisi ngokuthe ngqo ubungakanani bamasuntswana, kodwa ilinganisa ukuba ingakanani imitha yokukhanya evalekileyo okanye ephambukisiweyo ngala masuntswana. I-turbidity ayichaphazeleki kuphela kukuxinana kwamasuntswana kodwa ikwachaphazeleka zizinto ezifana nobukhulu, imilo, kunye nombala wamasuntswana, kunye nobude bokukhanya obusetyenziswa ekulinganiseni.

Imitha yeMizi-mveliso eXutywe ngokupheleleyo (i-TSS)

Izinto eziQinisekisiweyo ezipheleleyo(TSS) ilinganisa ubunzima bokwenyani bamasuntswana axhonyiweyo kwisampulu yamanzi. Ibala ubunzima obupheleleyo bezinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo emanzini, nokuba zinjani na iimpawu zazo zokukhanya.
I-TSS ilinganiswa ngokucoca umthamo wamanzi owaziwayo ngesihluzo (ngesiqhelo isihluzo esinobunzima obaziwayo). Emva kokuba amanzi ehluziwe, izinto eziqinileyo ezishiyekileyo kwisihluzo ziyamiswa kwaye zilinganiswe. Isiphumo sichazwa ngee-milligrams ngelitha (mg/L). I-TSS inxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nobungakanani bee-particles ezixhonyiweyo, kodwa ayiniki lwazi malunga nobukhulu bee-particles okanye indlela ii-particles ezisasaza ngayo ukukhanya.
Umahluko oPhambili:
1） Uhlobo loMlinganiselo:
I-Turbidity yimpawu ye-optical (indlela ukukhanya okusasazeka okanye okufunxwa ngayo).
I-TSS yipropati ebonakalayo (ubunzima bee-particles ezixhonywe emanzini).
2） Oko Bakulinganisayo:
Ukuguguleka kwamanzi kubonisa ukuba acacile okanye amdaka kangakanani, kodwa akuniki ubunzima bokwenyani bezinto eziqinileyo.
I-TSS inika umlinganiselo othe ngqo wenani lezinto eziqinileyo emanzini, nokuba zibonakala zicacile okanye zimnyama kangakanani.
3） Iiyunithi:
I-Turbidity ilinganiswa kwi-NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units).
I-TSS ilinganiswa nge-mg/L (ii-milligrams ngelitha).
Ngaba umbala kunye nokudumba kuyafana?

Umbala kunye nokudumba azifani, nangona zombini zichaphazela imbonakalo yamanzi.

Imitha yoMbala ekwi-Intanethi yoMgangatho waManzi

Nantsi umahluko:
Umbala ubhekisa kumbala okanye umbala wamanzi obangelwa zizinto ezinyibilikisiweyo, ezifana nezinto eziphilayo (ezifana namagqabi abolayo) okanye iiminerali (ezifana nesinyithi okanye i-manganese). Kwanamanzi acacileyo anokuba nombala ukuba aqulethe izinto ezinemibala enyibilikisiweyo.
Ukugungqa kubhekisa kumafu okanye ukufiphala kwamanzi okubangelwa ziingceba ezijingayo, ezifana nodongwe, intlaka, iintsholongwane, okanye ezinye izinto eziqinileyo ezincinci. Kulinganisa ukuba iingceba zisasaza kangakanani ukukhanya okudlula emanzini.
Kufuphi:
Umbala = izinto ezinyibilikisiweyo
Ukujika = amasuntswana axhonyiweyo