Bulinganiswa njani ubugxwayiba bamanzi?

Yintoni iTurbidity?

I-turbidity ngumlinganiselo wokuguquguquka kolwelo, ngokuqhelekileyo osetyenziselwa ukuhlola umgangatho wamanzi kumanzi endalo—njengemilambo, amachibi neelwandle—kwakunye nakwiinkqubo zokucocwa kwamanzi. Ivela ngenxa yobukho bamaqhekeza amisiweyo, kubandakanywa i-silt, i-algae, i-plankton, kunye ne-industrial byproducts, esasaza ukukhanya okudlula kwikholamu yamanzi.
I-turbidity idla ngokubalwa kwiiyunithi ze-nephelometric turbidity (NTU), ezinamaxabiso aphezulu abonisa ukungafihli kakuhle kwamanzi. Le yunithi isekelwe kwisixa sokukhanya esisasazwe ngamasuntswana amisiweyo emanzini, njengoko kulinganiswa nephelometer. I-nephelometer ikhanyisa i-beam yokukhanya ngesampuli kwaye ifumanisa ukukhanya okuhlakazwa ngamasuntswana amisiweyo kwi-angle ye-90-degree. Amaxabiso aphezulu e-NTU abonisa ukungqubana okukhulu, okanye ukuba namafu emanzini. Amaxabiso asezantsi e-NTU abonisa amanzi acacileyo.
Umzekelo: Amanzi acocekileyo anokuba nexabiso le-NTU elikufutshane ne-0. Amanzi okusela, efuna ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho yokhuseleko, ngokuqhelekileyo ane-NTU engaphantsi kwe-1. Amanzi anamazinga aphezulu ongcoliseko okanye amasuntswana axhonyiweyo anokuba neenqobo ze-NTU ezikumakhulu okanye amawaka.

Kutheni kulinganiswa ubugqwirha bomgangatho wamanzi?

Amanqanaba aphezulu e-turbidity angakhokelela kwiziphumo ezininzi ezimbi:
1) Ukungena kokukhanya okucuthiweyo: Oku kuphazamisa ifotosynthesis kwizityalo zasemanzini, ngok kuphazamisa inkqubo ebanzi yendalo yasemanzini exhomekeke kwimveliso yokuqala.
2) Ukuvalwa kweenkqubo zokucoca: Izinto eziqinileyo ezimisiweyo zinokuthintela izihluzi kwiindawo zokucocwa kwamanzi, ukwandisa iindleko zokusebenza kunye nokunciphisa unyango olusebenzayo.
3) Ukudityaniswa nezinto ezingcolisa umoya: Amasuntswana abangela i-turbidity ahlala esebenza njengabathwali bezingcolisi eziyingozi, ezinje nge-pathogenic microorganisms, isinyithi esinzima, kunye neekhemikhali eziyityhefu, ezibeka imingcipheko kokubini kokusingqongileyo kunye nempilo yabantu.
Ngamafutshane, i-turbidity isebenza njengesalathisi esibalulekileyo sokuvavanya ukuqina komzimba, iikhemikhali, kunye nebhayoloji yobutyebi bamanzi, ngakumbi ngaphakathi kohlolo lokusingqongileyo kunye nezikhokelo zempilo yoluntu.
Uthini umgaqo womlinganiselo we-turbidity?

Umgaqo womlinganiselo we-turbidity usekwe ekusasazweni kokukhanya njengoko kudlula kwisampuli yamanzi equlethe amasuntswana amisiweyo. Xa ukukhanya kusebenzisana nala masuntswana, kuhlakazwa kumacala ahlukeneyo, kwaye ukuqina kokukhanya okusasazekileyo kuhambelana ngokuthe ngqo nokuxinana kwamasuntswana akhoyo. Ukugxininiswa kwamasuntswana aphezulu kubangela ukwanda kokukhanya okusasazeka, okukhokelela kwi-turbidity enkulu.

umgaqo womlinganiselo wobunzima

Inkqubo inokwahlulwa ibe ngamanyathelo alandelayo:
Umthombo wokukhanya: I-beam yokukhanya, ngokuqhelekileyo ekhutshwa yilaser okanye i-LED, iqondiswe kwisampuli yamanzi.
Amacandelo amisiweyo: Njengoko ukukhanya kusasazeka kwisampulu, into emisiweyo-njenge-sediment, algae, plankton, okanye i-pollutants-ibangela ukuba ukukhanya kuhlakazeke kwiindlela ezininzi.
Ukufunyanwa kokukhanya okuSasaziwe: Anephelometer, isixhobo esisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa i-turbidity, sibona ukukhanya okuhlakazekileyo kwi-angle ye-90-degree ngokumalunga nesiganeko se-angular.
Umlinganiselo wokukhanya okuKhanyayo okuSasaziweyo: Ubunzulu bokukhanya obusasazekileyo bubalwe, kunye nobukhulu obuphezulu obubonisa ukuxinwa okukhulu kweengqungquthela ezimisiweyo kwaye, ngenxa yoko, i-turbidity ephezulu.
Ukubala koTrurbidity: Ubungakanani bokukhanya obusasaziweyo obulinganisiweyo buguqulwa bube yiNephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU), ibonelela ngexabiso elimiselweyo lamanani elimele iqondo lobunzima.
Yintoni elinganisa ubugxwayiba bamanzi?

Ukulinganisa ubugqwirha bamanzi kusetyenziswa izinzwa ze-optical-based turbidity sisenzo esamkelwe ngokubanzi kwimizi-mveliso yanamhlanje. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-multifunctional turbidity analyzer iyadingeka ukuba ibonise imilinganiselo yexesha langempela, inike amandla ukucocwa kwenzwa ye-automatic, kunye nokuqalisa izilumkiso zokufundwa okungaqhelekanga, ngaloo ndlela kuqinisekiswe ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yomgangatho wamanzi.

Isivamvo soThutho kwi-Intanethi (Amanzi olwandle anomlinganiselo)

Iimeko ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza zifuna izisombululo zokubekw' esweni kwe-turbidity eyahlukileyo. Kwiinkqubo zokuhlala zesibini zonikezelo lwamanzi, iindawo zokucocwa kwamanzi, kunye neendawo zokungena nokuphuma zamanzi aselwayo, iimitha zomgama ophantsi we-turbidity imitha ezichaneke kakhulu kunye noluhlu lokulinganisa olumxinwa lusetyenziswa kakhulu. Oku kungenxa yemfuneko engqongqo yamanqanaba asezantsi e-turbidity kwezi setingi. Ngokomzekelo, kumazwe amaninzi, umgangatho olawulayo wamanzi ompompo kwindawo yokucoca iplanti ichaza inqanaba le-turbidity elingaphantsi kwe-1 NTU. Nangona uvavanyo lwamanzi edama lokuqubha luxhaphake kakhulu, xa luqhutywa, lukwafuna amanqanaba asezantsi kakhulu e-turbidity, efuna ukusetyenziswa kweemitha zomgama ophantsi.

Uluhlu oluphantsi lwe-Turbidity Meters TBG-6188T

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, izicelo ezifana neendawo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kunye neendawo zokulahla ukungcola kwimizi-mveliso zifuna iimitha zomgangatho ophezulu wokungcola. Amanzi kwezi ndawo ahlala ebonisa ukuguquguquka okubalulekileyo kwaye anokuqulatha ukugxila okukhulu kwezinto eziqinileyo, amasuntswana e-colloidal, okanye imvula yekhemikhali. Amaxabiso e-turbidity akholisa ukogqitha imilinganiselo ephezulu yezixhobo zoluhlu olusezantsi kakhulu. Umzekelo, i-turbidity enempembelelo kwindawo yokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka inokufikelela kumakhulu aliqela e-NTU, kwaye nasemva konyango oluphambili, ukujonga amanqanaba e-turbidity kumashumi e-NTU kuhlala kuyimfuneko. Uluhlu oluphezulu lweemitha ze-turbidity ziqhele ukusebenza kumgaqo womlinganiselo wokukhanya osasazekileyo ukuya kukuhanjiswa. Ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokwandisa uluhlu oluguqukayo, ezi zixhobo zifezekisa amandla okulinganisa ukusuka kwi-0.1 NTU ukuya kwi-4000 NTU ngelixa igcina ukuchaneka kwe-± 2% yesikali esipheleleyo.

I-Industrial Online Turbidity Analyzer

Kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo zoshishino, ezifana necandelo lamachiza kunye nokutya kunye neziselo, iimfuno ezingaphezulu zibekwe ekuchanekeni kunye nozinzo lwexesha elide lwemilinganiselo ye-turbidity. Ezi mizi-mveliso zihlala zisebenzisa iimitha ze-turbidity ye-double-beam, ezibandakanya i-reference beam ukubuyisela ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa kukutshintsha komthombo wokukhanya kunye nokuguquguquka kweqondo lokushisa, ngaloo ndlela iqinisekisa ukuthembeka komlinganiselo ongaguqukiyo. Umzekelo, i-turbidity yamanzi enaliti kufuneka igcinwe ngaphantsi kwe-0.1 NTU, ibeka iimfuno ezingqongqo kubuntununtunu besixhobo kunye nokumelana nokuphazamiseka.
Ngaphaya koko, ngokuhambela phambili kwetekhnoloji ye-Intanethi yeZinto (i-IoT), iinkqubo zale mihla zokujonga i-turbidity ziya zisiba nobukrelekrele kwaye zinenethiwekhi. Ukuhlanganiswa kweemodyuli zonxibelelwano ze-4G / 5G zenza ukuhanjiswa kwexesha langempela ledatha ye-turbidity kwiiplatifomu zamafu, ukuququzelela ukubeka iliso kude, ukuhlalutya idatha, kunye nezaziso ezizenzekelayo zokulumkisa. Umzekelo, iziko likamasipala lokucocwa kwamanzi liphumeze inkqubo ekrelekrele yokuhlola ubugqwirha obudibanisa idatha yokuphuma kwamanzi kunye nenkqubo yokulawula ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi. Emva kokufunyanwa kwe-turbidity engaqhelekanga, inkqubo ilungelelanisa ngokuzenzekelayo i-dosing yamachiza, okukhokelela ekuphuculeni ukuthotyelwa komgangatho wamanzi ukusuka kwi-98% ukuya kwi-99.5%, kunye nokunciphisa i-12% yokusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali.
Ngaba i-turbidity yinto efanayo kunye nezinto eziqinileyo ezinqunyanyisiweyo?

I-Turbidity kunye neTotal Suspended Solids (TSS) ziingqikelelo eziyeleleneyo, kodwa azifani.Zombini zibhekisa kumasuntswana axhonywe emanzini, kodwa ayahluka ngokomlinganiselo kunye nendlela alinganiswa ngayo.
I-turbidity ilinganisa ipropathi yokukhanya kwamanzi, ngokukodwa ukuba kungakanani ukukhanya okusasazwe ngamasuntswana amisiweyo.Ayilinganisi ngokuthe ngqo ubungakanani bamasuntswana, kodwa kunoko ukuba kungakanani na ukukhanya okuvaliweyo okanye okuphambukiswayo ngaloo masuntswana.I-Turbidity ayichatshazelwa kuphela kukuxinana kwamasuntswana kodwa nayimiba efana nobukhulu, imilo, kunye nombala wamasuntswana okukhanya asetyenziswayo njengomlinganiselo wamaza amaza.

Imitha yoShishino iyonke eNxinyiweyo (TSS).

IZiidi eziNxinyiweyo zizonke(TSS) ilinganisa ubunzima bokwenene bamasuntswana amisiweyo kwisampulu yamanzi.Ilinganisa ubunzima obupheleleyo bezinto eziqinileyo ezimisiweyo emanzini, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zeziphi iimpawu zazo.
I-TSS ilinganiswa ngokucoca umthamo owaziwayo wamanzi ngesihluzo (ngokuqhelekileyo isihluzo esinobunzima obaziwayo).Emva kokuba amanzi ehluziwe, izinto eziqinileyo ezishiywe kwisihluzo ziyayomiswa kwaye zilinganiswe.Isiphumo sibonakaliswa ngeemilligrams ilitha nganye (mg/L) .I-TSS inxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nobungakanani bamasuntswana amisiweyo, kodwa ayinikezi ulwazi malunga nobungakanani bamasuntswana okanye ukusasaza ukukhanya.
Umahluko oPhambili:
1) Ubume boMlinganiso:
I-turbidity yipropathi yokukhanya (indlela ukukhanya okusasazeka ngayo okanye ukufunxwa).
I-TSS yipropathi ebonakalayo (ubunzima bamasuntswana axhonywe emanzini).
2）Into abayithathayo:
I-turbidity inika isalathiso sendlela acwebe ngayo okanye amdaka ngayo amanzi, kodwa ayiniki ubunzima bokwenyani bezinto eziqinileyo.
I-TSS inika umlinganiselo othe ngqo wobungakanani bezinto eziqinileyo emanzini, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zicacile okanye zimnyama kangakanani.
3) Iiyunithi:
I-turbidity ilinganiswa nge-NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units).
I-TSS ilinganiswa nge-mg/L (i-milligrams ilitha nganye).
Ngaba umbala kunye ne-turbidity ziyafana?

Umbala kunye ne-turbidity azifani, nangona zombini zichaphazela ukubonakala kwamanzi.

Umgangatho waManzi kwi-Intanethi yoMbala wemitha

Nanku umahluko:
Umbala ubhekiselele kwi-hue okanye i-tint yamanzi ebangelwa zizinto ezinyityilisiweyo, ezifana ne-organic matter (njengamagqabi abolayo) okanye iiminerali (njengentsimbi okanye i-manganese) .Namanzi acacileyo anokuba nombala ukuba aqulethe iikhompawundi ezinemibala enyityilisiweyo.
I-turbidity ibhekiselele kubufu okanye ukonakala kwamanzi okubangelwa ngamasuntswana amisiweyo, afana nodongwe, intlenga yentlenga, iintsholongwane, okanye ezinye izinto eziqinileyo ezicolekileyo.
Kufuphi:
Umbala = izinto ezinyityilisiweyo
I-turbidity = amasuntswana amisiweyo