Ityala lesicelo sokukhupha amanzi amdaka kwiShishini lokuxhela nokucubungula inyama eluhlaza eShanghai

Inkampani yokulungisa inyama eseShanghai yasekwa ngo-2011 kwaye ikwiSithili saseSongjiang. Imisebenzi yayo yeshishini ibandakanya imisebenzi evumelekileyo efana nokuxhela iihagu, ukufuya iinkukhu nemfuyo, ukusasazwa kokutya, kunye nokuthuthwa kwempahla ezindleleni (ngaphandle kwezinto ezinobungozi). Eli qumrhu lingumzali, inkampani yemizi-mveliso kunye norhwebo eseShanghai ekwiSithili saseSongjiang, lishishini labucala elibandakanyeka kakhulu ekulimeni iihagu. Lijongene neefama ezine ezinkulu zeehagu, okwangoku ligcina malunga nama-5,000 eehagu ezizalisayo ezinomthamo wonyaka weehagu ezifikelela kwi-100,000 ezilungele imakethi. Ukongeza, inkampani isebenzisana neefama ezingama-50 zendalo ezidibanisa ukulima izityalo kunye nokufuya izilwanyana.

Amashishini Okuxhela Nokucubungula Inyama Engaphekwanga

Amanzi amdaka aphuma kwiindawo zokuxhela iihagu aqulathe ubuninzi bezinto eziphilayo kunye nezondlo. Ukuba anganyangwa, abeka umngcipheko omkhulu kwiinkqubo zasemanzini, umhlaba, umgangatho womoya, kunye neenkqubo zendalo ezibanzi. Iimpembelelo eziphambili kokusingqongileyo zezi zilandelayo:

1. Ungcoliseko lwamanzi (esona siphumo sikhawulezileyo nesinzima)
Ukungcola kwendlu yokuxhela kutyebile kwizinto eziphilayo ezingcolisayo kunye nezondlo. Xa kukhutshwa ngqo emilanjeni, emachibini, okanye emachibini, izinto eziphilayo—ezifana negazi, amafutha, indle, kunye neentsalela zokutya—ziboliswa ziintsholongwane, inkqubo etya ubuninzi beoksijini enyibilikisiweyo (DO). Ukuphela kweDO kukhokelela kwiimeko ezingenamoya, nto leyo ebangela ukufa kwezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini ezifana neentlanzi kunye neeshrimp ngenxa yokungabikho komoya. Ukubola kwe-Anaerobic kuvelisa iigesi ezinevumba elibi—kuquka i-hydrogen sulfide, i-ammonia, kunye ne-mercaptans—okubangela ukutshintsha kombala wamanzi kunye nevumba elibi, okwenza amanzi angabi nakusetyenziswa nangayiphi na injongo.

Amanzi amdaka akwanamanqanaba aphezulu e-nitrogen (N) kunye ne-phosphorus (P). Xa engena emanzini, ezi zondlo zikhuthaza ukukhula okugqithisileyo kwe-algae kunye ne-phytoplankton, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuqhakazeni kwe-algal okanye amaza abomvu. Ukubola okulandelayo kwe-algae efileyo kunciphisa ioksijini ngakumbi, kuphazamisa inkqubo yendalo yasemanzini. Amanzi e-Eutrophic afumana umgangatho ophantsi kwaye awafanelekanga ukuselwa, ukunkcenkceshela, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso.

Ngaphezu koko, amanzi amdaka anokuba neentsholongwane ezibangela izifo—kuquka iibhaktheriya, iintsholongwane, kunye namaqanda eentsholongwane (umz., i-Escherichia coli kunye neSalmonella)—ezivela emathunjini nakwindle yezilwanyana. Ezi ntsholongwane zinokusasazeka ngokuhamba kwamanzi, zingcolise imithombo yamanzi esezantsi, zinyuse umngcipheko wokudluliselwa kwezifo zezilwanyana, kwaye zibeke impilo yoluntu esichengeni.

2. Ungcoliseko Lomhlaba
Ukuba amanzi amdaka akhutshwa ngqo emhlabeni okanye asetyenziselwa ukunkcenkceshela, izinto eziqinileyo kunye namafutha axhonyiweyo anokuvala iimbobo zomhlaba, aphazamise ulwakhiwo lomhlaba, anciphise ukungena kwamanzi, kwaye aphazamise uphuhliso lweengcambu. Ubukho bezibulali-ntsholongwane, iisepha, kunye neentsimbi ezinzima (umz., ubhedu kunye ne-zinc) ezivela kukutya kwezilwanyana zinokuqokelelana emhlabeni ngokuhamba kwexesha, zitshintshe iipropati zayo ze-physicochemical, zibangele ityuwa okanye ubuthi, kwaye zenze umhlaba ungafaneleki kwezolimo. I-nitrogen kunye ne-phosphorus engaphezulu kwamandla okufunxa izityalo kunokukhokelela kumonakalo wezityalo ("ukutsha kwesichumiso") kwaye kunokuvuza emanzini angaphantsi komhlaba, okubeka umngcipheko wokungcola.

3. Ungcoliseko loMoya
Phantsi kweemeko zokungabikho komoya, ukubola kwamanzi amdaka kuvelisa iigesi ezinobungozi nezinobungozi ezifana ne-hydrogen sulfide (H₂S, ebonakaliswa livumba leqanda elibolileyo), i-ammonia (NH₃), ii-amines, kunye nee-mercaptans. Ezi zinto zikhutshwayo azidali nje kuphela ivumba eliphazamisayo elichaphazela uluntu olukufutshane kodwa zikwabeka nobungozi kwimpilo; ubuninzi be-H₂S buyingozi kwaye bunokubulala. Ukongeza, i-methane (CH₄), igesi enamandla yokufudumala komhlaba enokubangela ukufudumala kwehlabathi ngaphezulu kwamaxesha angamashumi amabini kune-carbon dioxide, iveliswa ngexesha lokugaya i-anaerobic, nto leyo enegalelo kutshintsho lwemozulu.

i-analyzer yemfuno ye-oksijini yekhemikhali (i-COD)

E-China, ukukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka kwindawo yokuxhela kulawulwa phantsi kwenkqubo yemvume efuna ukuthotyelwa kwemida yokukhupha ukungcola egunyazisiweyo. Izakhiwo kufuneka zilandele ngokungqongqo imigaqo yeMvume yokukhupha ukungcola kwaye zihlangabezane neemfuno "zoMgangatho wokukhupha ukungcola kwamanzi kwiShishini lokuLungisa iNyama" (GB 13457-92), kunye nayo nayiphi na imigangatho yasekuhlaleni esebenzayo enokuba ngqongqo ngakumbi.

Ukuthobela imigangatho yokukhupha amanzi kuvavanywa ngokubeka esweni rhoqo iiparameter ezintlanu ezibalulekileyo: imfuno ye-oksijini yamakhemikhali (i-COD), i-ammonia nitrogen (i-NH₃-N), i-phosphorus iyonke (i-TP), i-nitrogen iyonke (i-TN), kunye ne-pH. Ezi zibonakaliso zisebenza njengemilinganiselo yokusebenza yokuvavanya ukusebenza kweenkqubo zonyango lwamanzi amdaka—kuquka ukuthuthwa kwamanzi, ukwahlulwahlulwa kweoyile, unyango lwebhayoloji, ukususwa kwezondlo, kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane—okuvumela uhlengahlengiso olukhawulezileyo ukuqinisekisa ukukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka okuzinzileyo nokufanelekileyo.

- Imfuno yeOksijini yeKhemikhali (i-COD):I-COD ilinganisa isixa siphela sezinto eziphilayo ezinokuxovwa emanzini. Amaxabiso aphezulu e-COD abonisa ungcoliseko olukhulu lwezinto eziphilayo. Amanzi amdaka asezilaheni, aqulethe igazi, amafutha, iiproteni, kunye nezinto ezimdaka, adla ngokubonisa amanqanaba e-COD aqala kwi-2,000 ukuya kwi-8,000 mg/L okanye ngaphezulu. Ukubeka iliso kwi-COD kubalulekile ekuvavanyeni ukusebenza kakuhle kokususwa komthwalo wezinto eziphilayo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yonyango lwamanzi amdaka isebenza ngokufanelekileyo ngaphakathi kwemida eyamkelekileyo kwindalo.

- I-Ammonia Nitrogen (NH₃-N): Le parameter ibonisa ukuxinana kwe-ammonia ekhululekileyo (NH₃) kunye nee-ion ze-ammonium (NH₄⁺) emanzini. I-nitrification ye-ammonia itya ioksijini enyibilikisiweyo kwaye inokukhokelela ekuncipheni kweoksijini. I-ammonia ekhululekileyo inetyhefu kakhulu kwizidalwa zasemanzini nokuba iphantsi. Ukongeza, i-ammonia isebenza njengomthombo wezondlo zokukhula kwe-algal, inegalelo kwi-eutrophication. Ivela ekuqhekekeni komchamo, ilindle, kunye neeproteni emanzini amdaka asezilaheni. Ukubeka iliso kwi-NH₃-N kuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kweenkqubo ze-nitrification kunye ne-denitrification kwaye kunciphisa iingozi zemvelo kunye nempilo.

- I-Nitrogen iyonke (TN) kunye ne-Phosphorus iyonke (TP):I-TN imele isimbuku sazo zonke iintlobo zenitrogen (i-ammonia, i-nitrate, i-nitrite, i-organic nitrogen), ngelixa i-TP iquka zonke iikhompawundi zephosphorus. Zombini zezona zinto ziphambili ezibangela i-eutrophication. Xa zikhutshwa emanzini ahamba kancinci njengamachibi, amachibi, kunye nemilambo, ukungcola okutyebileyo kwi-nitrogen kunye ne-phosphorus kukhuthaza ukukhula kwe-algal eqhumayo—okufana nokuchumisa imizimba yamanzi—okukhokelela ekudubuleni kwe-algal. Imithetho yamanzi amdaka yanamhlanje ibeka imida engqongqo ngakumbi ekukhutshweni kwe-TN kunye ne-TP. Ukubeka esweni ezi parameters kuvavanya ukusebenza kakuhle kobuchwepheshe obuphambili bokususa izondlo kwaye kunceda ukuthintela ukuwohloka kwenkqubo yendalo.

- Ixabiso le-pH:I-pH ibonisa ubumuncu okanye i-alkalinity yamanzi. Uninzi lwezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini ziphila ngaphakathi koluhlu lwe-pH oluncinci (ngesiqhelo ukusuka kwi-6–9). Izinto ezimdaka ezine-acid okanye i-alkali eninzi zingonakalisa ubomi basemanzini kwaye ziphazamise ulungelelwaniso lwendalo. Kwizityalo zonyango lwamanzi amdaka, ukugcina i-pH efanelekileyo kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kakuhle kweenkqubo zonyango lwebhayoloji. Ukubeka iliso rhoqo kwi-pH kuxhasa uzinzo lwenkqubo kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemithetho.

Le nkampani ifake ezi zixhobo zilandelayo zokubeka esweni kwi-intanethi ezivela kwiBoqu Instruments kwindawo yayo ephambili yokukhupha inkunkuma:
- I-CODG-3000 I-Online Automatic Chemical Oxygen Demand Monitor
- I-NHNG-3010 Ammonia Nitrogen Monitor ezenzekelayo kwi-Intanethi
- I-TPG-3030 I-Total Phosphorus Online Automatic Analyzer
- I-TNG-3020 I-Total Nitrogen Analyzer ezenzekelayo kwi-Intanethi
- I-PHG-2091 pH eHlaziya ngokuzenzekelayo kwi-Intanethi

I-Ammonia Nitrogen Monitor ezenzekelayo kwi-Intanethi

Isihlalutyi esizenzekelayo se-Phosphorus Nitrogen esipheleleyo kwi-Intanethi

Ezi zihlalutyi zivumela ukujonga ngexesha langempela i-COD, i-ammonia nitrogen, i-phosphorus iyonke, i-nitrogen iyonke, kunye namanqanaba e-pH kumjelo ongcolileyo. Le datha inceda uvavanyo longcoliseko lwezinto eziphilayo nezondlo, uvavanyo lweengozi zempilo yoluntu, kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezinolwazi malunga namaqhinga onyango. Ngaphezu koko, ivumela ukwenziwa ngcono kweenkqubo zonyango, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle, ukunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza, ukunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo, kunye nokuthotyelwa rhoqo kwemithetho yesizwe neyengingqi yokusingqongileyo.